However, LCHF also increased the oxygen (O 2) cost of race walking at velocities relevant to real‐life race performance: O 2 uptake (expressed as a percentage of new V ˙ O 2 peak ) at a speed approximating 20 km race pace was reduced in HCHO and PCHO (90% CI: −7.047, −2.55 and −5.18, −0.86, respectively), but was maintained at pre‐intervention levels in LCHF. LCHF was associated with markedly increased rates of whole‐body fat oxidation, attaining peak rates of 1.57 ± 0.32 g min −1 during 2 h of walking at ∼80% V ˙ O 2 peak. Post‐intervention, V ˙ O 2 peak during race walking increased in all groups ( P < 0.001, 90% CI: 2.55, 5.20%). We controlled three isoenergetic diets in elite race walkers: high CHO availability (g kg −1 day −1: 8.6 CHO, 2.1 protein, 1.2 fat) consumed before, during and after training (HCHO, n = 9) identical macronutrient intake, periodised within or between days to alternate between low and high CHO availability (PCHO, n = 10) LCHF (< 50 g day −1 CHO 78% energy as fat 2.1 g kg −1 day −1 protein LCHF, n = 10). We investigated the effects of adaptation to a ketogenic low carbohydrate (CHO), high fat diet (LCHF) during 3 weeks of intensified training on metabolism and performance of world‐class endurance athletes.
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